Citing Sources in Turabian Style in 2025

Citing Sources in Turabian Style

Turabian style offers two systems for citing sources: Notes and Bibliography and Author-Date. Each is suited for different academic disciplines:

Notes and Bibliography Style:
- This style uses footnotes or endnotes for in-text citations and a detailed bibliography at the end of the paper.
- It’s commonly used in humanities disciplines, like history, art, and literature, where sources often require extended commentary.
Author-Date Style:
- In-text citations appear in parentheses, including the author’s last name, the year of publication, and, if relevant, a page number.
- This style is popular in scientific and social science disciplines, where brevity and clarity are key.

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Notes and Bibliography Style

Footnotes and Endnotes

In this style, citations appear in Turabian footnotes (at the bottom of the page) or endnotes (at the end of the document).

The first citation of a source provides full bibliographic information.
Subsequent citations are shortened to save space.
Use superscript numbers in the text to refer to the note. These numbers appear after punctuation in the text.

Example in Text:

Bibliography

The Turabian bibliography lists all sources in full, alphabetized by the authors’ last names.

Authors’ names are inverted (e.g., Smith, John).
If a source spans multiple lines, use a hanging indent for the second and subsequent lines.
The bibliography appears on a new page titled “Bibliography.”

Turabian Bibliography Example:

Notes and Bibliography Citation Examples

Source Type	Footnote Example	Bibliography Example
Book	1. John Doe, The Art of Writing (New York: Writers’ Press, 2019), 25.	Doe, John. The Art of Writing. New York: Writers’ Press, 2019.
Journal Article	2. Jane Smith, “The Evolution of Storytelling,” Literature Journal 12, no. 3 (2020): 45–67.	Smith, Jane. “The Evolution of Storytelling.” Literature Journal 12, no. 3 (2020): 45–67.
Website	3. “Global Warming Overview,” NASA, accessed December 22, 2024, https://www.nasa.gov.	NASA. “Global Warming Overview.” Accessed December 22, 2024. https://www.nasa.gov.

Author-date Style

In-text Citations

Author-date citations are concise, appearing in parentheses directly in the text. Include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number, if applicable.

Example in Text:

Reference List

The reference list is similar to a bibliography but formatted to pair with in-text citations.

The year of publication is placed immediately after the author’s name for easy reference.
Entries are alphabetized by the authors’ last names.

Reference List Example:

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Author-date Citation Examples

Source Type	In-Text Citation Example	Reference List Example
Book	(Doe 2019, 25)	Doe, John. 2019. The Art of Writing. New York: Writers’ Press.
Journal Article	(Smith 2020, 45)	Smith, Jane. 2020. “The Evolution of Storytelling.” Literature Journal 12 (3): 45–67.
Website	(NASA 2024)	NASA. 2024. “Global Warming Overview.” Accessed December 22, 2024. https://www.nasa.gov.

To Wrap Up

To wrap up, here are the basics of Turabian formatting:

Turabian offers two citation systems: Notes and Bibliography for humanities and Author-Date for sciences.
Footnotes or endnotes are used for citations in the Notes and Bibliography style, with a detailed bibliography at the end.
In-text citations are paired with a reference list in the Author-Date style.
The bibliography or reference list organizes all your sources alphabetically, ensuring clarity and credibility.

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Citing Sources in Turabian Style in 2025