How to Format Citations in Harvard, Chicago, IEEE, APA, and MLA Styles

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How to Format Citations in Harvard, Chicago, IEEE, APA, and MLA Styles

Different academic fields and institutions often have preferred citation styles for formatting references and citations. Here’s a quick guide on how to format your paper and citations in Harvard, Chicago, IEEE, APA, and MLA styles.

1. Harvard Citation Style

Keywords: Harvard style, Harvard citation format, referencing in Harvard style

General Formatting:

  • Font: Use a readable font like Times New Roman, 12-point.

  • Margins: 1-inch margins on all sides.

  • Spacing: Double-space the entire document, including the title page and references.

  • Title Page: Harvard style doesn’t require a title page unless specified by your institution. If required, include the title of your paper, your name, institution, and the date.

  • Page Numbers: Include page numbers in the top right corner of each page.

In-Text Citation:

  • When citing in-text, include the author’s last name and the year of publication in parentheses.

    • Example: (Smith, 2020)

Reference List:

  • The reference list is alphabetized by the author’s last name and appears at the end of your paper.

    • Book Example:

      • Smith, J. (2020). Title of the Book. 2nd ed. New York: Publisher.

    • Journal Article Example:

      • Brown, P. (2018). ‘Article title’. Journal Name, 10(2), pp. 123-135.

2. Chicago Citation Style

Keywords: Chicago style, Chicago citation format, Chicago style reference, Chicago style footnotes

General Formatting:

  • Font: Times New Roman, 12-point.

  • Margins: 1-inch margins on all sides.

  • Spacing: Double-space the document, including the reference list.

  • Title Page: The title of the paper is centered, and the author’s name is beneath it.

  • Page Numbers: Number pages in the top right corner.

In-Text Citation:

  • Chicago offers two citation formats: Notes and Bibliography (commonly used in humanities) and Author-Date (commonly used in sciences).

    • Notes and Bibliography:

      • Use footnotes or endnotes to cite sources.

        • Example: “Text of citation.”^1

    • Author-Date:

      • In-text citation includes author’s last name and year of publication.

        • Example: (Smith 2020).

Reference List:

  • Book Example:

    • Notes and Bibliography: Smith, John. Title of the Book. 2nd ed. New York: Publisher,

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